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Research Publications on "Sho-saiko-to" (1990-2001)
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<28> Authors
Inoue M. Shen YR.
Ogihara Y. Institution
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Nagoya City
University, Japan. Title Shosaikoto (kampo medicine) protects macrophage function
from suppression by hypercholesterolemia. Source
Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin.
19(4):652-4, 1996 Apr. Abstract
The feeding of cholesterol-enriched diet for 2 weeks was enough to
reduce
nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2) and interleukin-1
(IL-1)
productions in thioglycollate-elicited murine macrophages. Although
not
showing anti-hypercholesterolemic action against ICR mice,
Shosaikoto, a Kampo medicine, partially prevented the
reduction of NO and IL-1 productions induced by the feeding of
cholesterol-enriched diet, and completely released the reduction of
PGE(2)
production. These data suggest that the malfunction of macrophage
induced by
hypercholesterolemia may contribute to early atherogenesis and that
Shosaikoto retains macrophage function to prevent the
development of atherosclerosis, even though serum cholesterol is
markedly
increased. <29> Authors
Shen YR. Inoue M.
Nagatsu Y. Ogihara Y.
Aburada M. Institution
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Nagoya City
University, Japan. Title
Anti-hyperlipidemic and anti-atherosclerotic actions of
shosaikoto (kampo medicine). Source
Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin.
19(9):1160-5, 1996 Sep. Abstract
We investigated the anti-atherosclerotic action shown by
Shosaikoto, a Kampo medicine, using hypercholesterolemic
mice. Oral administration of Shosaikoto significantly
suppressed the elevation of serum cholesterol in C57BL/6 mice fed a
1.25%
cholesterol-enriched diet for four weeks and improved the T cell
ratio in
peripheral blood, which decreased with the increase of the serum
cholesterol
level. In addition, Shosaikoto reduced the accumulation of
cholesteryl oleate, which alters macrophages into foam cells, after
the
treatment of macrophages with oxidized or acetylated low density
lipoprotein
(LDL). Enzymatic study revealed that the treatment of macrophages
with
oxidized LDL enhanced acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT)
activity and markedly reduced neutral cholesteryl ester hydrolase (NCEase)
activity. Shosaikoto treatment prevented a decrease in the
NCEase activity, however due to the oxidized LDL treatment, although
it slightly augmented ACAT activity. Thus, Shosaikoto, which is
known to modulate the immune system, improves macrophage and
lymphocyte
functions diminished by hypercholesterolemia, resulting in an
anti-atherosclerotic action. <30> Authors
Ishizaki T. Sasaki F.
Ameshima S. Shiozaki K.
Takahashi H. Abe Y.
Ito
S. Kuriyama M.
Nakai T. Kitagawa M. Institution
Third Department of Internal Medicine, Fukui Medical School, Japan. Title
Pneumonitis during interferon and/or herbal drug therapy in patients
with
chronic active hepatitis. Source
European Respiratory Journal. 9(12):2691-6,
1996 Dec. Abstract
We report four cases of acute pneumonitis due either to interferon,
or a
herbal drug, "Sho-saiko-to", or both in combination, in
patients with chronic active hepatitis, focusing on its pathogenesis
and
response to prednisolone therapy. These cases shared common clinical
features: fever, dry cough, dyspnoea, hypoxaemia, diffuse infiltrates
both on
chest radiography and chest computed tomography, restrictive
pulmonary
functional impairment, and alveolitis on examination of
transbronchial lung
biopsy, all of which suggest acute interstitial pneumonia.
Furthermore,
lymphocytosis was observed in association with the dominant CD8+
T-cell
subset in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. A lymphocyte stimulation test
using
peripheral blood was positive to interferon in one case and to
Sho-saiko-to in another. All patients responded to oral
prednisolone therapy. Peripheral soluble interleukin-2 receptor
levels
decreased in parallel with improvement in the clinical course. All
patients
were free of symptoms with a follow-up of 1-3 yrs. We conclude that
interferon- and/or Sho-saiko-to-induced acute pneumonitis
may be due to allergic-immunological mechanisms rather than toxicity,
and
that peripheral levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptor appear to be
good
markers of disease activity. <31> Authors
Sakaguchi S. Furusawa S. Yokota
K. Sasaki K. Takayanagi M. Takayanagi
Y. Institution
First Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Tohoku College of Pharmacy,
Sendai,
Japan. Title
Effects of antitumor activity and protection of shock symptoms by a
traditional Chinese medicine (sho-saiko-to) in recombinant
human tumor necrosis factor administered mice. Source
Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin.
19(11):1474-8, 1996 Nov. Abstract
The effects of a traditional Chinese medicine Sho-saiko-to
(Kampo prescription) were investigated on the various metabolic
disorders and
antitumor activity of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor (rhTNF)
administered to mice. The glycogen level in liver of rhTNF (5 x 10(4)
units/mouse, i.v.)-injected mice was markedly lower at 4 h
post-intoxication
than that in the control, whereas the administration of rhTNF to
Sho-saiko-to (500 mg/kg/d, p.o.)-pretreated mice resulted in
a greater level of glycogen than that in rhTNF alone-treated mice. In
mice
pretreated with Sho-saiko-to, the level of fibrinogen 4 h
after rhTNF injection markedly increased as compared to that in mice
treated
with rhTNF alone. We also estimated the NO2 in murine macrophage cell
line
J774A.1 using mice serum after administration of
Sho-saiko-to. Our results clearly demonstrated that J774A.1
cells stimulated with endotoxin (1 micrograms/ml) and rhTNF (1 x
10(4)
units/ml) can effectively produce nitric oxide (NO), and ascertained
the
suppressive effect of Sho-saiko-to (500 mg/kg/d,
p.o)-pretreated serum on NO generation by endotoxin/TNF-activated
J774A.1
cells. When the cells were incubated with endotoxin/TNF and
Sho-saiko-to pretreated serum (10-100 microliters), the NO
level was significantly lower than that in control serum incubated
with
endotoxin/TNF alone. The effect of Sho-saiko-to (1 and 10
micrograms/ml) on in vitro cytotoxicity by rhTNF in Meth-A Sarcoma
cells was
observed to be in a dose dependent fashion. In addition, there was a
remarkable enhancement of antitumor activity of rhTNF by
Sho-saiko-to pretreatment in mice. These findings suggest
that the Kampo prescription Sho-saiko-to may protect mice
from severe shock syndrome by rhTNF, and that it may enhance rhTNF-induced
activity. <32> Authors
Inoue M. Shen YR.
Ogihara Y. Institution
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Nagoya City
University, Japan. Title
Restorative effect of shosaikoto (kampo medicine) on
diminution of nitric oxide synthesis in murine peritoneal macrophages
induced
by hypercholesterolemia. Source
Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin.
19(11):1468-73, 1996 Nov. Abstract
Macrophages play important roles both in immune response and in lipid
metabolism and contribute to the development of atherosclerosis. To
clarify
the mechanism by which Shosaikoto, a Kampo medicine, shows
anti-atherosclerotic action, we studied its effect on macrophage
function.
The production of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 and interleukin
1 by
macrophages in mice was reduced by feeding of a cholesterol-enriched
diet,
and the reduced production was observed 1 week after the beginning of
cholesterol feeding. Furthermore, although oxidized low density
lipoprotein
(LDL) and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) reduced NO production,
macrophages
prepared from mice treated with Shosaikoto at a dose of 1.2
g/kg/d restored the reduced NO production by them as well as by
hypercholesterolemia. When the content of LPC was measured, no
difference was
observed between mice fed a cholesterol-enriched diet in the presence
or
absence of Shosaikoto treatment, suggesting that the
restorative effect of Shosaikoto is not due to the
inhibition of LPC production or accumulation. Conclusively,
Shosaikoto prevents the modification of macrophage function
induced by atherogenic factors, which is probably linked to its
displayed
anti-atherosclerotic action. <33> Authors
Yamaoka Y. Kawakita T.
Kaneko M. Nomoto K. Institution
Kampo (Traditional Chinese Medicine) Research Laboratory, Kanebo Co.,
Ltd.,
Osaka, Japan. Title
A polysaccharide fraction of Zizyphi fructus in augmenting natural
killer
activity by oral administration. Source
Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin.
19(7):936-9, 1996 Jul. Abstract
Shosaiko-to (Xiao-chai-hu-tang, SHO), a Kampo medicine, was
prepared by decocting a prescription of 7 kinds of crude drugs,
namely
Bupleuri Radix, Pinelliae Tuber, Scutellariae Radix, Zizyphi Fructus,
Ginseng
Radix, Glycyrrhizae Radix and Zingiberis Rhizoma. Previously, we
reported
that the effect of the orally administered SHO in augmenting natural
killer
(NK) activity in the peripheral blood was attributed to the acidic
polysaccharide fraction. To characterize the active components in the
crude
materials in SHO, the effects of extracts and various fractions were
investigated by oral administration. The extracts of Zizyphi Fructus,
Zingiberis Rhizoma, Scutellariae Radix, Glycyrrhizae Radix and
Pinelliae
Tuber augmented NK activity by oral administration. The high weight
molecular
fraction of Zizyphi Fructus was the most effective in augmenting NK
activity.
Thus, we obtained an active polysaccharide fraction from the high
weight
molecular fraction of Zizyphi Fructus. This polysaccharide fraction
with a
high molecular weight of approximately 43,000 contained 54.7%
carbohydrate,
61.8% uronic acid and 20.9% protein. The sugar moiety was composed of
rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, fucose, mannose, galactose, glucose and
galacturonic acid in molar ratios of 28:59:11:9:7:32:20:100. <34> Authors
Inada K. Yokoi I.
Kabuto H. Habu H.
Mori A. Ogawa N. Institution
Department of Neuroscience, Okayama University Medical School, Japan. Title
Age-related increase in nitric oxide synthase activity in senescence
accelerated mouse brain and the effect of long-term administration of
superoxide radical scavenger. Source
Mechanisms of Ageing & Development.
89(2):95-102, 1996 Aug 15. Abstract
The levels of nitric oxide (NO) and NO synthase (NOS) activities were
compared in the brains of young adult (3 months old), aged (11 months
old)
and TJ-960 administered (11 months old) senescence accelerated mice
(SAM), of
which the SAMP8 substrain is inferior in acquisition of learning due
to the
abnormality of glutamatergic neurotransmission in the cerebral
cortex.
TJ-960, which is based on the Kampo (Japanese traditional herbal
medicine)
prescription Sho-saiko-to-go-keishi-ka-shakuyaku-to, acts as
a superoxide radical scavenger and attenuates the deterioration of
neuronal
activity associated with aging. We administered TJ-960 orally for 5
months.
In the cerebral cortex of aged SAMP8, NOS activity was increased
compared
with that of young adult SAMP8. Though TJ-960 did not alter the
contents of
NO in any brain region compared with those in aged SAMP8, it did
prevent the
increase in NOS activity in the aged cerebral cortex. Our data
suggest that
NOS activity may increase to compensate for the reduced sensitivity
of the NO
reaction system in the aging process, and that TJ-960 may normalize
this
increased NOS activity in the cerebral cortex, although further work
is
clearly needed to ascertain maintenance in the acquisition of
learning. <35> Authors
Komatsu M. Hiramatsu M.
Yokoyama H. Willmore LJ. Institution
Division of Medical Science, Institute for Life Support Technology,
Yamagata
Technopolis Foundation, Japan. Title
Effect of TJ-960 (a Japanese herbal medicine) on free radical changes
within
an iron-induced focal epileptogenic region in rat brain measured by
in vivo
L-band electron spin resonance. Source
Neuroscience Letters. 205(3):189-92,
1996 Mar 1. Abstract
In vivo L-band electron spin resonance (ESR) system was used to
measure the
decay of nitroxide radicals in the living rat cerebrum containing a
cortical
area with an iron-induced epileptogenic region. Carbamoyl-PROXYL
(3-carbamoyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolinyloxy) was injected
intraperitoneally. The decay of nitroxide radicals in the
iron-injected
regions at the subacute stage of epileptogenesis was prolonged. The
Japanese
herbal medicine, sho-saiko-to-go-keishi-ka- shakuyakuto
(TJ-960), a compound known to have free radical scavenging activity,
inhibited the delay of nitroxide radical decay in the rat cerebrum
with an
iron-induced epileptic focus following injection of carbamoyl-PROXYL.
TJ-960
did not affect the decay of nitroxide radicals in the control rats'
brain.
These data show that TJ-960 has the scavenging activity for free
radicals
generated within an iron-induced epileptogenic regions of rat brain. <36> Authors
Shen YR. Inoue M.
Ogihara Y. Institution
Department of Pharmacognosy, Nagoya City University, Japan. Title
Effect of Shosaikoto (Kampo medicine) on the adherence of
monocytes in hypercholesterolemic rabbit. Source
Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin.
19(1):149-52, 1996 Jan. Abstract
Monocytes/macrophages are known to be involved in atherogenesis, and
the
adherence of monocytes to the endothelium is considered an earliest
characteristic of atherogenesis. Therefore, we studied the mechanism
by which
Shosaikoto, a Kampo medicine, shows anti-atherosclerotic
action, which has been already shown in hypercholesterolemic rabbits.
Hypercholesterolemia in rabbits gradually reduced the monocyte number
in
peripheral blood, whereas Shosaikoto treatment suppressed
this decrease in circulating monocytes. Furthermore, although
monocytes from
hypercholesterolemic rabbits increased in adherence to endothelial
cells even
without lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activation, Shosaikoto
treatment reduced the enhanced adherence observed in monocytes from
hypercholesterolemic rabbits. These data suggested that the anti-atherosclerotic action shown by Shosaikoto resulted
partly from the suppression of the enhanced adherence characteristic
of
hypercholesterolemia. <37> Authors
Miyamoto K. Lange M.
McKinley G. Stavropoulos
C. Moriya S. Matsumoto
H.
Inada Y. Institution
Division of Rheumatology, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center,
Columbia
University, New York, NY 10025, USA. Title
Effects of sho-saiko-to on production of prostaglandin E2
(PGE2), leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and superoxide from peripheral
monocytes and
polymorphonuclear cells isolated from HIV infected individuals. Source
American Journal of Chinese Medicine.
24(1):1-10, 1996. Abstract
The effects of Sho-saiko-to (SST), a traditional Chinese
medicine, on the production of PGE2 from monocytes, LTB4 and
superoxide from
polymorphonuclear cells (PMNC) in HIV infected individuals were
studied. SST
inhibited the production of PGE2 from monocytes stimulated by
opsonized
zymosan in all groups including the healthy control group and also
inhibited
the production of superoxide from PMNC after stimulation with FMLP.
On the
other hand, SST enhanced the production of LTB4 when PMNC were
stimulated by
the calcium ionophore A23187. These results suggest that SST has
different
effects on the production of prostanoids or superoxide from monocytes
and
PMNC. Furthermore, our data indicates that inhibition of PGE2 or
superoxide
production will lead to indirect suppression of HIV, and enhancement
of LTB4
will contribute to the upregulation of the immune reaction in HIV
infected
individuals. <38> Authors
Kimura Y. Miwa H.
Furukawa M. Mizukami Y. Institution
Department of Otolaryngology, Kanazawa University School of Medicine,
Japan. Title
Relapsing polychondritis presented as inner ear involvement. Source
Journal of Laryngology & Otology.
110(2):154-7, 1996 Feb. Abstract
We report a rare case of relapsing polychondritis with an initial
symptom of
inner ear involvement. This 53-year-old Japanese man experienced a
hearing
difficulty, tinnitus in both ears, and dizziness of sudden onset, but
lacked
auricular chondritis at that time, which is the most frequent finding
in
relapsing polychondritis. Thus it was difficult to reach a correct
diagnosis.
Steroid therapy, with oral prednisolone 15 mg daily, was effective.
Almost
two months after we began the steroid therapy, the patient complained
of
losing interest in his work and reported a hallucination vision on
the TV
screen, so the dose of prednisolone was decreased to 10 mg. The
hallucinations then disappeared, but the serum level of C-reactive
protein
increased highly. To reduce the dose of prednisolone, we tried
low-dose oral
methotrexate. However, we had to discontinue it when the patient
experienced
severe vomiting and diarrhoea. As adjuvant therapy, we then
administered
Sho-saiko-to, Chinese herbal medicines with few side
effects. Symptoms and laboratory abnormalities then improved
markedly. <39> Authors
Yamashiki M. Nishimura A. Nomoto
M. Suzuki H. Kosaka Y. Institution
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Mie University School of Medicine,
University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. Title
Herbal medicine 'Sho-saiko-to' induces tumour necrosis
factor-alpha and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in vitro in
peripheral
blood mononuclear cells of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Source
Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology.
11(2):137-42, 1996 Feb. Abstract
'Sho-saiko-to' (TJ-9) is a Japanese herbal medicine that is
commonly administered to patients with chronic viral liver disease in
order
to improve their overall physical condition and to prevent the
development of
liver cancer, The present in vitro study demonstrated that, by adding
TJ-9 to
cell cultures, there were dose-dependent increases in production
levels of
tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and granulocyte
colony-stimulating
factor (G-CSF) in peripheral mononuclear cells of patients with
hepatocellular carcinoma accompanied by liver cirrhosis. Increases in
the
production of TNF-alpha and G-CSF in control cell cultures exposed to
different herbal medicines were low, and this indicates the
specificity of
the response increases in production of these cytokines to TJ-9.
TNF-alpha
and G-CSF are known to play important roles in the biological defence
mechanism. Administration of TJ-9 may, therefore, be beneficial for
patients
afflicted with intractable liver diseases because it could mildly
induce
these cytokines. <40> Authors
Matsuzaki Y. Kurokawa N. Terai
S. Matsumura Y. Kobayashi N. Okita
K. Institution
First Department of Internal Medicine, Yamaguchi University School of
Medicine, Japan. Title
Cell death induced by baicalein in human hepatocellular carcinoma
cell lines. Source
Japanese Journal of Cancer Research.
87(2):170-7, 1996 Feb. Abstract
We examined the action of baicalein, a flavonoid contained in the
herbal
medicine sho-saiko-to (TJ-9), on three cell lines of human
hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Treatment with baicalein strongly
inhibited
the activity of topoisomerase II and suppressed the proliferation of
all
three HCC cell lines. But the mode of cell death induced by baicalein
differed according to the cell line. Baicalein induced apoptosis in a
concentration-dependent manner in only one cell line, and an
increased
concentration of baicalein produced cell death via necrosis in the
other two
lines. These results suggest that the inhibition of topoisomerase II
is not
by itself sufficient for induction of apoptosis, and that there is a
more
important mechanism which can account for the difference in
susceptibility of
cells to apoptosis induced by baicalein. |
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